What Is Barrett’s Esophagus?

Barrett’s esophagus is a condition in which the lining of the esophagus changes after long-term exposure to stomach acid. The esophagus is the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach.

These cell changes are most often linked to chronic acid reflux or GERD. While Barrett’s esophagus itself is not cancer, it can increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer over time.

The condition usually develops after years of GERD or ongoing irritation of the esophagus. Risk factors include obesity, smoking, long-term heartburn, male sex, and age over 50.

Symptoms

Many people with Barrett’s esophagus have symptoms related to acid reflux, while others may not notice any symptoms at all.

Common symptoms may include:

• Frequent heartburn
• Acid reflux or regurgitation
• Trouble swallowing
• Chest discomfort
• Chronic indigestion

How Is It Diagnosed?

Barrett’s esophagus is diagnosed with an upper endoscopy. During this procedure, a provider uses a thin flexible tube with a camera to examine the esophagus.

Small tissue samples, called biopsies, are taken to look for abnormal cell changes. Additional imaging or swallowing studies may be recommended if narrowing of the esophagus is suspected.

How Is It Treated?

Treatment focuses on controlling acid reflux and preventing further damage to the esophagus. Many people manage the condition successfully with medication and lifestyle changes.

Treatment options may include:

• Acid-reducing medications
• Weight management
• Avoiding tobacco use
• Dietary and lifestyle changes
• Endoscopic treatments for abnormal tissue
• Dilation procedures for narrowed areas
• Surgery in certain cases

People with Barrett’s esophagus often need regular follow-up endoscopies to monitor for precancerous changes.