What Is Bacterial Gastroenteritis?

Bacterial gastroenteritis is an infection that causes inflammation in the stomach and intestines. It develops when harmful bacteria enter the digestive tract, often through contaminated food or water.

Symptoms can range from mild stomach upset to severe illness. Many people recover with rest and hydration, but some cases may require medical treatment.

Several types of bacteria can cause gastroenteritis, including Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter, and Shigella. Infection may spread through contaminated food, undercooked meat, unclean water, or poor hand hygiene.

Young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems may be at higher risk for complications.

Symptoms

Symptoms usually begin suddenly and may last several days. The illness can affect people differently depending on the type of bacteria involved and overall health.

Common symptoms may include:

• Diarrhea
• Bloody stools
• Nausea or vomiting
• Stomach cramps
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Dehydration

How Is It Diagnosed?

Healthcare providers diagnose bacterial gastroenteritis by reviewing symptoms, medical history, and possible food or travel exposures. A physical exam may also help identify signs of dehydration or severe illness.

Testing may include:

• Stool sample testing
• Blood tests
• Evaluation of hydration and electrolyte levels

These tests can help determine the cause of the infection and guide treatment decisions.

How Is It Treated?

Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms and the type of bacteria causing the infection. Preventing dehydration is one of the most important parts of recovery.

Treatment options may include:

• Drinking fluids and replacing electrolytes
• Rest
• IV fluids for severe dehydration
• Antibiotics in certain cases
• Gradual return to regular foods

Many people begin feeling better within a few days. Medical care is important if symptoms become severe, bloody diarrhea develops, or dehydration symptoms worsen.