Bacterial Endocarditis
What Is Bacterial Endocarditis?
Bacterial endocarditis, also called infective endocarditis, is a serious infection of the inner lining of the heart or the heart valves. The condition develops when bacteria enter the bloodstream and attach to damaged areas of the heart.
As the infection grows, it can affect how the heart valves work and may interfere with normal blood flow. Without treatment, bacterial endocarditis can lead to severe complications involving the heart and other organs.
Bacterial endocarditis happens when bacteria enter the bloodstream and settle on the heart lining or valves. People with artificial heart valves, congenital heart disease, previous endocarditis, or damaged heart valves may have a higher risk. IV drug use, poor dental health, and certain medical or dental procedures can also increase risk.
Symptoms
Symptoms may appear suddenly or develop gradually over time. Because the condition can affect many parts of the body, symptoms may vary from person to person.
Common symptoms include:
- Fever and chills
- Fatigue or weakness
- Night sweats
- Muscle or joint pain
- Shortness of breath
- Persistent cough
- Swelling in the legs, feet, or abdomen
- Unexplained weight loss
- Blood in the urine
- Small red or purple spots on the skin or under the nails
How Is It Diagnosed?
A healthcare provider will review your symptoms, medical history, and heart health before performing a physical exam.
Blood cultures are commonly used to identify the bacteria causing the infection. An echocardiogram, which uses sound waves to create images of the heart, can help providers look for infection or valve damage. Additional tests such as ECGs, chest imaging, or urine testing may also be used to check for complications.
How Is It Treated?
Bacterial endocarditis is usually treated with antibiotics given through an IV for several weeks. Many people begin treatment in the hospital so providers can closely monitor the infection and heart function.
If the infection causes severe valve damage or does not improve with antibiotics, surgery may be needed to repair or replace a heart valve. Ongoing follow-up care is important to monitor recovery and reduce the risk of future complications.
Early treatment can improve outcomes and help protect long-term heart health.
