What is Atherosclerosis?

Atherosclerosis is a condition that happens when fatty deposits called plaque collect inside the arteries. Over time, the arteries become narrower and less flexible, making it harder for blood to move through the body.

When blood flow is reduced, important organs like the heart and brain may not get enough oxygen. This can increase the risk of serious health problems, including heart attack, stroke, and circulation issues in the legs.

Several factors can raise the risk of developing atherosclerosis, including:

• High cholesterol
• High blood pressure
• Smoking
• Diabetes
• Obesity
• Lack of physical activity
• Diets high in saturated fats
• Family history of heart disease
• Aging

Symptoms

Atherosclerosis often develops slowly and may not cause symptoms right away. Signs usually appear when blood flow becomes more limited.

Symptoms can include:

• Chest pain or pressure
• Shortness of breath
• Pain or cramping in the legs while walking
• Weakness or numbness
• Trouble speaking clearly
• Fatigue during activity

How is it diagnosed?

Healthcare providers diagnose atherosclerosis by reviewing your medical history, discussing symptoms, and performing a physical exam. Blood tests may be used to check cholesterol and blood sugar levels.

Imaging and circulation tests can help show how well blood is moving through the arteries. These may include ultrasound, CT scans, stress testing, or angiography to look for narrowed or blocked blood vessels.

How is it treated?

Treatment usually begins with lifestyle changes that support heart and blood vessel health. Your provider may recommend regular exercise, a balanced diet, weight management, and quitting smoking.

Medications may also help lower cholesterol, control blood pressure, manage diabetes, or reduce the risk of blood clots. If an artery becomes severely narrowed, procedures such as angioplasty with stent placement or bypass surgery may be recommended to improve blood flow.

Many people are able to manage atherosclerosis successfully with long-term care and healthy habits. Regular follow-up visits are important to help reduce the risk of complications.