What is asthma?

Asthma is a long-term condition that affects the lungs and makes breathing more difficult. It happens when the airways become irritated and narrow, limiting how easily air can move in and out.

During an asthma flare-up, the airways may swell, tighten, and produce extra mucus. These changes can make even simple activities feel harder.

Asthma doesn’t have a single known cause, but several factors can increase your risk or trigger symptoms.

Common triggers and risk factors include:

• Allergens like pollen, dust, mold, or pet dander
• Respiratory infections such as colds or the flu
• Smoke, air pollution, and strong odors
• Physical activity, especially in cold weather
• Stress or strong emotions
• Family history of asthma or allergies
• Conditions like acid reflux, obesity, or sleep apnea

Symptoms

Asthma symptoms can vary from mild to severe and may come and go depending on triggers.

Common symptoms include:

• Shortness of breath
• Wheezing or a whistling sound when breathing
• Chest tightness or pressure
• Ongoing cough, especially at night or early morning
• Trouble sleeping or speaking during severe episodes

How is it diagnosed?

Diagnosing asthma starts with a conversation about your symptoms and medical history. Your provider will also perform a physical exam.

A common test called spirometry measures how well your lungs are working by checking how much air you can breathe out and how quickly. Additional tests, such as allergy testing, may help identify triggers and guide treatment.

How is it treated?

While asthma can’t be cured, it can often be well-controlled with the right care plan.

Treatment usually begins with simple steps and may include:

Everyday management:

• Avoiding known triggers
• Monitoring symptoms closely
• Following a personalized asthma action plan

Medications:

• Long-term control medicines to reduce inflammation and prevent symptoms
• Quick-relief inhalers to ease breathing during flare-ups

Advanced care (if needed):

• Combination inhalers
• Biologic therapies for more severe or hard-to-control asthma

With consistent treatment and regular check-ins, many people can stay active and manage their symptoms effectively.