What is ankylosing spondylitis?

Ankylosing spondylitis is a long-term form of arthritis that mainly affects the spine. It causes inflammation in the joints between the vertebrae and where the spine meets the pelvis. Over time, this inflammation can lead to stiffness and reduced flexibility.

In some cases, the bones of the spine may begin to fuse, limiting movement and altering posture.

The exact cause is not fully understood. However, genetics plays a strong role. A specific gene, HLA-B27, is often linked to the condition. It tends to run in families and is more likely to begin in early adulthood.

Symptoms

Symptoms often develop gradually and may come and go. Many people first notice discomfort in the lower back.

Common symptoms include:

• Ongoing back pain, especially at night or early morning
• Stiffness that improves with activity
• Reduced ability to bend or twist
• A forward-leaning posture over time
• Chest tightness or difficulty taking deep breaths
• Fatigue or low energy

Some people may also experience:

• Eye inflammation (redness or pain)
• Digestive issues
• Skin changes, such as psoriasis

How is it diagnosed?

Diagnosis starts with a conversation about your symptoms and a physical exam to check movement and flexibility.

Your provider may recommend:

• Imaging tests, such as X-rays or MRI scans, are used to look at the spine and joints
• Blood tests to check for signs of inflammation
• Genetic testing to identify risk factors

Because symptoms can develop slowly, it may take time to confirm the diagnosis.

How is it treated?

While there is no cure, treatment can help manage symptoms and slow progression. Care plans are tailored to each person.

Common treatments include:

• Anti-inflammatory medications to reduce pain and swelling
• Physical therapy to improve strength and flexibility
• Regular exercise to support posture and mobility

For more advanced cases:

• Biologic medications may be used to control inflammation
• Other medications can help with joint symptoms
• Surgery may be considered if there is severe joint damage

Staying active and maintaining good posture are important parts of long-term care. Many people can remain mobile and independent with the right treatment plan.