What is age-related macular degeneration?
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye condition that affects the macula, the part of the retina responsible for sharp central vision. This area helps you see details clearly when reading, driving, or recognizing faces.
AMD becomes more common as people age, especially after age 50. While it can cause serious changes in central vision, it usually does not affect side vision or lead to complete blindness.
There are two main types of AMD:
- Dry AMD: The more common form, caused by gradual thinning and breakdown of cells in the macula
- Wet AMD: A more advanced form where abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and leak fluid or blood
Several factors can increase the risk of developing AMD, including:
- Aging
- Smoking
- Family history
- High blood pressure
- Heart or blood vessel disease
- Obesity
- High cholesterol
Symptoms
AMD symptoms often develop gradually, though some people notice sudden changes in vision. Early evaluation can help protect your eyesight and slow progression.
Common symptoms may include:
- Blurry or distorted central vision
- Straight lines that appear wavy
- Dark or empty spots in the center of vision
- Difficulty reading or recognizing faces
- Trouble seeing fine details
- Colors appearing less bright or vivid
How is it diagnosed?
Eye care providers diagnose AMD through a comprehensive eye examination. Your provider will review your symptoms, test your vision, and examine the retina for signs of damage.
Testing may include:
- Visual acuity testing using an eye chart
- Dilated eye exam
- Retinal imaging scans
- Amsler grid testing to check for distorted vision
- Fluorescein angiography or other imaging tests to look for leaking blood vessels in wet AMD
Regular eye exams are important, especially for adults over age 50 or those with risk factors.
How is it treated?
Treatment depends on the type and severity of AMD. While there is currently no cure, many treatments can help slow vision loss and protect remaining eyesight.
For dry AMD, treatment may include:
- Monitoring vision changes
- Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking
- Managing blood pressure and cholesterol
- Specialized vitamin supplements recommended for certain patients
Wet AMD often requires more advanced treatment, including:
- Anti-VEGF injections to reduce abnormal blood vessel growth
- Laser treatments in select cases
Some people with vision loss benefit from low-vision aids and rehabilitation services that make daily activities easier.
Early diagnosis and ongoing care can help many people maintain independence and quality of life.
