What Is an Acute Spinal Cord Injury?

An acute spinal cord injury happens when trauma damages the spinal cord, the bundle of nerves that carries messages between the brain and body. This type of injury can interrupt movement, feeling, and body functions below the area of damage.

Spinal cord injuries may range from mild bruising to severe damage that causes partial or complete loss of function. The effects depend on where the injury occurs and how serious it is.

Acute spinal cord injuries are most often caused by trauma, including:

• Car or motorcycle accidents
• Falls
• Sports injuries
• Diving into shallow water
• Violence, including gunshot wounds
• Recreational accidents

Young adults and older adults have a higher risk of spinal cord injuries. Falls are especially common in older adults.

Symptoms

Symptoms can appear suddenly after an accident or traumatic event. The location of the injury often affects which parts of the body are involved.

Common symptoms include:

• Weakness in the arms or legs
• Numbness or tingling
• Paralysis
• Loss of bladder or bowel control
• Trouble breathing
• Muscle spasms or stiffness
• Severe neck or back pain
• Difficulty with balance or coordination

How Is It Diagnosed?

An acute spinal cord injury requires emergency medical care. Healthcare providers first stabilize the spine to help prevent additional damage.

Diagnosis usually includes a physical and neurologic exam to check movement, sensation, and reflexes. Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans help providers identify the location and severity of the injury.

Some patients may need monitoring in an intensive care setting, especially if breathing or heart function is affected.

How Is It Treated?

Treatment depends on the type and severity of the injury. Emergency care focuses on protecting the spinal cord and supporting breathing and circulation.

Many patients begin with conservative treatment options such as:

• Pain management
• Medicines to reduce inflammation or muscle spasms
• Physical therapy
• Occupational therapy
• Bracing or supportive devices

Surgery may be recommended to stabilize the spine or relieve pressure on the spinal cord.

Rehabilitation is an important part of recovery. Rehab programs can help improve strength, mobility, independence, and daily living skills. Recovery timelines vary, and some people may continue improving for months or years after the injury.